ADHD and Medication
The use of medication can help those with ADHD focus, control impulsive behavior and hyperactivity, and complete tasks. They can also reduce anxiety and depression.
The most frequently prescribed medicines to teens and children with ADHD are stimulants. adhd treatment medication include amphetamines (such as Adderall and Dexedrine) and the methylphenidates (such as Focalin and Ritalin). There's a risk of addiction, which is why doctors monitor children for any signs of trouble.
Stimulants
The most frequently prescribed medication by doctors to treat ADHD is stimulants. They are thought to increase activity in the parts of the brain that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate, which is the most frequently prescribed drug for ADHD, is also available in amphetamines and the newest medication called quebrachine (brand names include Quelbree). Doctors may prescribe extended release or prolonged-acting formulations of these medications to ensure that the drugs build slowly in the body and then wear off more gradually. This will help reduce adverse effects and decrease the chance of experiencing an abrupt "rebound" effect as the drug wears off.
Researchers believe stimulants can help people suffering from ADHD because they increase levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter found in the brain. Dopamine helps improve concentration and focus, and also to reduce hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Dopamine can also increase the activity of neurons that transmit signals to the nucleus accumbens which is involved in motivation and pleasure, as well as reward.
According to research, those who suffer from ADHD might have lower dopamine levels in their frontal cortex. This is the area of the brain that is responsible for "executive functions" like organizing and planning. This can result in difficulties with managing time and completing tasks, as well as difficulty suppressing emotions and controlling impulses. Research also suggests that stimulant medications could aid in improving the functioning of the frontal cortex in those with ADHD by blocking the reuptake process of dopamine and norepinephrine.
Certain people with ADHD are not able to respond to stimulant medications or are not tolerant of these medications. This can be because of the potential for abuse and addiction and intolerance to certain adverse effects such as jitteriness or insomnia. In these instances, alternative medications may be offered as well, such as Wellbutrin and tricyclic antidepressants. These drugs are typically prescribed for ADHD "off-label", as they are believed to increase attention and are associated with the lowest risk of addiction or abuse.
Psychoeducation is offered in some instances to help children, teenagers and adults understand their diagnosis and manage symptoms. Therapists can also use behavioral therapy, which is helping people learn to modify their behaviors and habits.
There is a lot of debate about whether ADHD exists at all and, if it does, what the causes might be. Some people are pushing for more strict diagnostic criteria and a ban on prescribing stimulants to those who don't meet these criteria, while others are advocating non-stimulant treatments which are equally effective and have less side effects. There is also a growing movement to encourage more behavioral modification, which can be more effective than medications in the long run. This can involve a variety of psychological strategies, including cognitive behavior therapy and problem solving training. This can include parenting techniques that reduce impulsiveness and distractions at home. Other methods of influencing behavior that are based on rewards, like reward-based training and family counseling are also beneficial.